![]() Meanwhile, 43.C is complete articular with subtypes C1 (simple articular, simple metaphyseal fracture), C2 (simple articular, multifragmentary metaphyseal fracture) and C3 (multifragmentary articular and metaphyseal fracture) 5. 43.B is partial articular with subtypes B1 (split fracture), B2 (split-depression fracture) and B3 (depression fracture). ![]() 43.A is extra-articular with subtypes A1 (simple), A2 (wedge) and A3 (multifragmentary). These associations lead to a higher risk of infection, malunion, non-union and eventually poor overall outcome.ĭistal tibia fracture is classified using the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Orthopaedic Trauma Association AO/OTA 43 classification 2018, which divides it into A, B and C. These fractures are usually associated with high energy trauma, caused by fall from heights or motor vehicle accidents thus they are frequently associated with extensive soft tissue injury and are often open fractures. They account for 1% of all lower limb fractures, 3% to 10% of all fractures of the tibia1 and approximately 20% to 40% are open fractures 4. The incidence of distal tibia fracture ranged from as low as 3 per 10,000 per year to as high as 28 per 10,000 per year depending on age and gender 3. Plafond also comes from a French word that means ceiling which describes the horizontal articular surface of the distal tibia 2. Etienne Destot introduced the term tibial pilon in 1991 where pilon is a French word for pharmacist’s pestle that has a similar shape to the area of distal tibia metaphysis extending 5cm from ankle joint 2. It is also known as tibial pilon fracture or tibial plafond fracture if it involves the articular surface. Distal tibia fracture is a fracture that involves the metaphyseal area of the distal tibia and may extend to its weight-bearing articular surface 1. ![]()
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